यस पाठमा
महत्त्वपूर्ण पालि शब्द ‘दुक्ख’को सम्पूर्ण गहिराइ, व्यापकता र सूक्ष्मता कुनै एउटै अङ्ग्रेजी शब्दले पर्याप्त रूपमा समेट्दैन। वर्षौँदेखि यसका धेरै अनुवाद प्रचलित छन्—“stress” (तनाव), “unsatisfactoriness” (अतृप्तिकरता), “suffering” (पीडा) आदि। सन्दर्भअनुसार प्रत्येकका आफ्नै गुण छन्। यस शब्दको कुनै एउटै अनुवादमै अत्यधिक ढुक्क भएर नबस्नु उपयोगी हुन्छ; किनकि बौद्ध अभ्यासको सम्पूर्ण दिशा दुःखको बुझाइलाई फराकिलो र गहिरो बनाउँदै अन्ततः त्यसका जरा उजागर गरी सदाका लागि उखेल्नु हो। एउटा उपयोगी व्यावहारिक सूत्र: यस शब्दको एउटै सर्वश्रेष्ठ अनुवाद भेटेँ भन्ने लाग्नेबित्तिकै फेरि सोच्नुहोस्। किनकि दुःखलाई जसरी वर्णन गरे पनि त्यो सधैँ त्यसभन्दा गहिरो, सूक्ष्म र बढी असन्तोषजनक हुन्छ।
No single English word adequately captures the full depth, range, and subtlety of the crucial Pali term dukkha. Over the years, many translations of the word have been used ("stress," "unsatisfactoriness," "suffering," etc.). Each has its own merits in a given context. There is value in not letting oneself get too comfortable with any one particular translation of the word, since the entire thrust of Buddhist practice is the broadening and deepening of one's understanding of dukkha until its roots are finally exposed and eradicated once and for all. One helpful rule of thumb: as soon as you think you've found the single best translation for the word, think again: for no matter how you describe dukkha, it's always deeper, subtler, and more unsatisfactory than that.
परिभाषा
The definition
“जन्म दुःख हो, बुढ्यौली दुःख हो, मृत्यु दुःख हो; शोक, विलाप, शारीरिक पीडा, मानसिक व्यथा र हताशा दुःख हुन्; अप्रियसँगको संयोग दुःख हो; प्रियसँगको वियोग दुःख हो; चाहेको कुरा नपाउनु दुःख हो। संक्षेपमा, उपादानका पाँच स्कन्ध दुःख हुन्।”
— SN 56.11
— SN 56.11
सारिपुत्तको विस्तृत व्याख्या
Sariputta's elaboration
[आयुष्मान् सारिपुत्त:] “मित्रहरू, दुःखको आर्यसत्य के हो? जन्म दुःखदायी छ, बुढ्यौली दुःखदायी छ, मृत्यु दुःखदायी छ; शोक, विलाप, शारीरिक पीडा, मानसिक व्यथा र हताशा दुःखदायी छन्; अप्रियसँगको संयोग दुःखदायी छ; प्रियसँगको वियोग दुःखदायी छ; चाहेको कुरा नपाउनु दुःखदायी छ। संक्षेपमा, उपादानका पाँच स्कन्ध दुःखदायी छन्।
[Ven. Sariputta:] "Now what, friends, is the noble truth of stress? Birth is stressful, aging is stressful, death is stressful; sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, & despair are stressful; association with the unbeloved is stressful; separation from the loved is stressful; not getting what is wanted is stressful. In short, the five clinging-aggregates are stressful.
“जन्म के हो? विभिन्न प्राणीहरूको यस वा त्यस प्राणीसमूहमा जन्म हुनु, जन्म लिनु, अवतरण गर्नु, अस्तित्वमा आउनु, प्रकट हुनु, स्कन्धहरूको उदय हुनु र [इन्द्रिय] आयतनहरू प्राप्त हुनु—यसलाई जन्म भनिन्छ।
"And what is birth? Whatever birth, taking birth, descent, coming-to-be, coming-forth, appearance of aggregates, & acquisition of [sense] spheres of the various beings in this or that group of beings, that is called birth.
“बुढ्यौली के हो? विभिन्न प्राणीहरूको यस वा त्यस प्राणीसमूहमा बूढो हुनु, जीर्ण हुनु, शरीर खस्कनु, कपाल फुल्नु, चाउरी पर्नु, जीवनशक्ति घट्नु र इन्द्रियहरू कमजोर हुनु—यसलाई बुढ्यौली भनिन्छ।
"And what is aging? Whatever aging, decrepitude, brokenness, graying, wrinkling, decline of life-force, weakening of the faculties of the various beings in this or that group of beings, that is called aging.
“मृत्यु के हो? विभिन्न प्राणीहरूको यस वा त्यस प्राणीसमूहबाट च्युत हुनु, बित्नु, विघटन हुनु, हराउनु, मर्नु, मृत्यु हुनु, आयु पूरा हुनु, स्कन्धहरूको विघटन हुनु, शरीर छोड्नु र जीवितेन्द्रिय टुट्नु—यसलाई मृत्यु भनिन्छ।
"And what is death? Whatever deceasing, passing away, breaking up, disappearance, dying, death, completion of time, break up of the aggregates, casting off of the body, interruption in the life faculty of the various beings in this or that group of beings, that is called death.
“शोक के हो? विपत्तिमा परेको, पीडादायी घटनाले छोएको कसैको शोक, शोक गर्नु, खिन्नता, भित्री शोक र भित्री खिन्नता—यसलाई शोक भनिन्छ।
"And what is sorrow? Whatever sorrow, sorrowing, sadness, inward sorrow, inward sadness of anyone suffering from misfortune, touched by a painful thing, that is called sorrow.
“विलाप के हो? विपत्तिमा परेको, पीडादायी घटनाले छोएको कसैको रुवाइ, दुःख पोख्नु, विलाप गर्नु, आँसु झार्नु, चिच्याएर रुनु र क्रन्दन—यसलाई विलाप भनिन्छ।
"And what is lamentation? Whatever crying, grieving, lamenting, weeping, wailing, lamentation of anyone suffering from misfortune, touched by a painful thing, that is called lamentation.
“शारीरिक पीडा के हो? शारीरिक पीडा, शारीरिक असजिलो, कायस्पर्शबाट उत्पन्न पीडा वा असजिलोका रूपमा जे अनुभव हुन्छ, त्यसलाई शारीरिक पीडा भनिन्छ।
"And what is pain? Whatever is experienced as bodily pain, bodily discomfort, pain or discomfort born of bodily contact, that is called pain.
“मानसिक व्यथा के हो? मानसिक पीडा, मानसिक असजिलो, मनःस्पर्शबाट उत्पन्न पीडा वा असजिलोका रूपमा जे अनुभव हुन्छ, त्यसलाई मानसिक व्यथा भनिन्छ।
"And what is distress? Whatever is experienced as mental pain, mental discomfort, pain or discomfort born of mental contact, that is called distress.
“हताशा के हो? विपत्तिमा परेको, पीडादायी घटनाले छोएको कसैको हताशा, मन भाँचिनु र उपायहीन व्याकुलता—यसलाई हताशा भनिन्छ।
"And what is despair? Whatever despair, despondency, desperation of anyone suffering from misfortune, touched by a painful thing, that is called despair.
“अप्रियसँगको संयोगको दुःख के हो? कसैलाई नचाहेका, मन नपर्ने, आकर्षक नभएका दृश्य, शब्द, गन्ध, रस वा स्पर्श प्राप्त हुन्छन्; अथवा उसको अहित चाहने, हानि चाहने, कष्ट चाहने, बन्धनबाट सुरक्षा नचाहनेहरूसँग सम्बन्ध, सम्पर्क, नाता वा व्यवहार हुन्छ। यसलाई अप्रियसँगको संयोगको दुःख भनिन्छ।
"And what is the stress of association with the unbeloved? There is the case where undesirable, unpleasing, unattractive sights, sounds, aromas, flavors, or tactile sensations occur to one; or one has connection, contact, relationship, interaction with those who wish one ill, who wish for one's harm, who wish for one's discomfort, who wish one no security from the yoke. This is called the stress of association with the unbeloved.
“प्रियसँगको वियोगको दुःख के हो? कसैलाई चाहेका, मनपर्ने, आकर्षक दृश्य, शब्द, गन्ध, रस वा स्पर्श प्राप्त हुँदैनन्; अथवा उसको भलाइ चाहने, हित चाहने, सुख चाहने, बन्धनबाट सुरक्षा चाहनेहरूसँग, वा आमा, बुबा, दाजुभाइ, दिदीबहिनी, मित्र, साथी वा आफन्तहरूसँग सम्बन्ध, सम्पर्क, नाता वा व्यवहार हुँदैन। यसलाई प्रियसँगको वियोगको दुःख भनिन्छ।
"And what is the stress of separation from the loved? There is the case where desirable, pleasing, attractive sights, sounds, aromas, flavors, or tactile sensations do not occur to one; or one has no connection, no contact, no relationship, no interaction with those who wish one well, who wish for one's benefit, who wish for one's comfort, who wish one security from the yoke, nor with one's mother, father, brother, sister, friends, companions, or relatives. This is called the stress of separation from the loved.
“चाहेको कुरा नपाउनुको दुःख के हो? जन्मको अधीनमा रहेका प्राणीहरूमा यस्तो चाहना उठ्छ: ‘अहो, हामी जन्मको अधीनमा नपरे हुन्थ्यो, हामीलाई जन्म आइनपरे हुन्थ्यो।’ तर चाहँदैमा यो प्राप्त हुँदैन। यही चाहेको कुरा नपाउनुको दुःख हो। बुढ्यौली… रोग… मृत्यु… शोक, विलाप, शारीरिक पीडा, मानसिक व्यथा र हताशाको अधीनमा रहेका प्राणीहरूमा यस्तो चाहना उठ्छ: ‘अहो, हामी बुढ्यौली… रोग… मृत्यु… शोक, विलाप, शारीरिक पीडा, मानसिक व्यथा र हताशाको अधीनमा नपरे हुन्थ्यो, र हामीलाई बुढ्यौली… रोग… मृत्यु… शोक, विलाप, शारीरिक पीडा, मानसिक व्यथा र हताशा आइनपरे हुन्थ्यो।’ तर चाहँदैमा यो प्राप्त हुँदैन। यही चाहेको कुरा नपाउनुको दुःख हो।
"And what is the stress of not getting what is wanted? In beings subject to birth, the wish arises, 'O, may we not be subject to birth, and may birth not come to us.' But this is not to be achieved by wanting. This is the stress of not getting what is wanted. In beings subject to aging... illness... death... sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, & despair, the wish arises, 'O, may we not be subject to aging... illness... death... sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, & despair, and may aging... illness... death... sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, & despair not come to us.' But this is not to be achieved by wanting. This is the stress of not getting what is wanted.
— MN 141
— MN 141
एउटा समकालीन परिभाषा:
A contemporary definition:
दुःख हो:
Dukkha is:
अशान्ति, झर्को, खिन्नता, चिन्ता, हताशा, भय, त्रास, मर्मान्तक व्यथा, बेचैनी; असुरक्षा, चोट, असमर्थता, हीनता; रोग, बुढ्यौली, शरीर र इन्द्रियहरूको क्षय, वृद्धावस्थाको शिथिलता; पीडा/सुख; उत्तेजना/दिक्दारी; अभाव/अतिरेक; चाहना/हताशा, दमन; तड्पन/उद्देश्यहीनता; आशा/निराशा; प्रयत्न, क्रियाशीलता, उद्यम/दमन; गुमाउनु, खाँचो, अपर्याप्तता/अघाउनु; प्रेम/प्रेमविहीनता, मित्रविहीनता; अरुचि, वितृष्णा/आकर्षण; अभिभावकत्व/निःसन्तानता; अधीनता/विद्रोह; निर्णय/अनिर्णय, डाँवाडोल अवस्था, अनिश्चितता।
Disturbance, irritation, dejection, worry, despair, fear, dread, anguish, anxiety; vulnerability, injury, inability, inferiority; sickness, aging, decay of body and faculties, senility; pain/pleasure; excitement/boredom; deprivation/excess; desire/frustration, suppression; longing/aimlessness; hope/hopelessness; effort, activity, striving/repression; loss, want, insufficiency/satiety; love/lovelessness, friendlessness; dislike, aversion/attraction; parenthood/childlessness; submission/rebellion; decision/indecisiveness, vacillation, uncertainty.
— फ्रान्सिस स्टोरी, “Suffering”, The Three Basic Facts of Existence, खण्ड II (क्यान्डी: Buddhist Publication Society, 1983)
— Francis Story in Suffering, in Vol. II of The Three Basic Facts of Existence (Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society, 1983)
दुःख मात्र
Only dukkha
“पहिले पनि र अहिले पनि म दुःख र दुःखको निरोध मात्र बताउँछु।”
"Both formerly & now, it is only dukkha that I describe, and the cessation of dukkha."
— SN 22.86
— SN 22.86
तीन प्रकारका दुःख
Three kinds of dukkha
“मित्र, दुःखताका यी तीन रूप छन्: पीडाको दुःखता, संस्कारहरूको दुःखता र परिवर्तनको दुःखता। यी दुःखताका तीन रूप हुन्।”
"There are these three forms of stressfulness, my friend: the stressfulness of pain, the stressfulness of fabrication, the stressfulness of change. These are the three forms of stressfulness."
…
...
[परिव्राजक जम्बुखादिक:] “दुःखताका यी रूप पूर्ण रूपमा बुझ्ने मार्ग के हो, अभ्यास के हो?”
[Jambukhadika the wanderer:] "What is the path, what is the practice for the full comprehension of these forms of stressfulness?"
“मित्र, यही आर्य अष्टाङ्गिक मार्ग—सम्यग्दृष्टि, सम्यक्सङ्कल्प, सम्यग्वाणी, सम्यक्कर्मान्त, सम्यगाजीव, सम्यक्प्रयत्न, सम्यक्स्मृति र सम्यक्समाधि। दुःखताका यी रूप पूर्ण रूपमा बुझ्ने मार्ग यही हो, अभ्यास यही हो।”
"Precisely this Noble Eightfold Path, my friend — right view, right resolve, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration. This is the path, this is the practice for the full comprehension of these forms of stressfulness."
— SN 38.14
— SN 38.14
यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्: पहिलो आर्यसत्य
See also: First Noble Truth