यस पाठमा
परिभाषा
The definition
“भिक्षुहरू, दुःखको आर्यसत्य यो हो: जन्म दुःख हो, बुढ्यौली दुःख हो, मृत्यु दुःख हो; शोक, विलाप, शारीरिक पीडा, मानसिक व्यथा र हताशा दुःख हुन्; अप्रियसँगको संयोग दुःख हो; प्रियसँगको वियोग दुःख हो; चाहेको कुरा नपाउनु दुःख हो। संक्षेपमा, उपादानका पाँच स्कन्ध दुःख हुन्।”
"Now this, monks, is the Noble Truth of dukkha: Birth is dukkha, aging is dukkha, death is dukkha; sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief, & despair are dukkha; association with the unbeloved is dukkha; separation from the loved is dukkha; not getting what is wanted is dukkha. In short, the five clinging-aggregates are dukkha."
— SN 56.11
— SN 56.11
सारिपुत्तको विस्तृत व्याख्या
Sariputta's elaboration
[आयुष्मान् सारिपुत्त:] “मित्रहरू, दुःखको आर्यसत्य के हो? जन्म दुःखदायी छ, बुढ्यौली दुःखदायी छ, मृत्यु दुःखदायी छ; शोक, विलाप, शारीरिक पीडा, मानसिक व्यथा र हताशा दुःखदायी छन्; अप्रियसँगको संयोग दुःखदायी छ; प्रियसँगको वियोग दुःखदायी छ; चाहेको कुरा नपाउनु दुःखदायी छ। संक्षेपमा, उपादानका पाँच स्कन्ध दुःखदायी छन्।
[Ven. Sariputta:] "Now what, friends, is the noble truth of stress? Birth is stressful, aging is stressful, death is stressful; sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, & despair are stressful; association with the unbeloved is stressful; separation from the loved is stressful; not getting what is wanted is stressful. In short, the five clinging-aggregates are stressful.
“जन्म के हो? विभिन्न प्राणीहरूको यस वा त्यस प्राणीसमूहमा जन्म हुनु, जन्म लिनु, अवतरण गर्नु, अस्तित्वमा आउनु, प्रकट हुनु, स्कन्धहरूको उदय हुनु र [इन्द्रिय] आयतनहरू प्राप्त हुनु—यसलाई जन्म भनिन्छ।
"And what is birth? Whatever birth, taking birth, descent, coming-to-be, coming-forth, appearance of aggregates, & acquisition of [sense] spheres of the various beings in this or that group of beings, that is called birth.
“बुढ्यौली के हो? विभिन्न प्राणीहरूको यस वा त्यस प्राणीसमूहमा बूढो हुनु, जीर्ण हुनु, शरीर खस्कनु, कपाल फुल्नु, चाउरी पर्नु, जीवनशक्ति घट्नु र इन्द्रियहरू कमजोर हुनु—यसलाई बुढ्यौली भनिन्छ।
"And what is aging? Whatever aging, decrepitude, brokenness, graying, wrinkling, decline of life-force, weakening of the faculties of the various beings in this or that group of beings, that is called aging.
“मृत्यु के हो? विभिन्न प्राणीहरूको यस वा त्यस प्राणीसमूहबाट च्युत हुनु, बित्नु, विघटन हुनु, हराउनु, मर्नु, मृत्यु हुनु, आयु पूरा हुनु, स्कन्धहरूको विघटन हुनु, शरीर छोड्नु र जीवितेन्द्रिय टुट्नु—यसलाई मृत्यु भनिन्छ।
"And what is death? Whatever deceasing, passing away, breaking up, disappearance, dying, death, completion of time, break up of the aggregates, casting off of the body, interruption in the life faculty of the various beings in this or that group of beings, that is called death.
“शोक के हो? विपत्तिमा परेको, पीडादायी घटनाले छोएको कसैको शोक, शोक गर्नु, खिन्नता, भित्री शोक र भित्री खिन्नता—यसलाई शोक भनिन्छ।
"And what is sorrow? Whatever sorrow, sorrowing, sadness, inward sorrow, inward sadness of anyone suffering from misfortune, touched by a painful thing, that is called sorrow.
“विलाप के हो? विपत्तिमा परेको, पीडादायी घटनाले छोएको कसैको रुवाइ, दुःख पोख्नु, विलाप गर्नु, आँसु झार्नु, चिच्याएर रुनु र क्रन्दन—यसलाई विलाप भनिन्छ।
"And what is lamentation? Whatever crying, grieving, lamenting, weeping, wailing, lamentation of anyone suffering from misfortune, touched by a painful thing, that is called lamentation.
“शारीरिक पीडा के हो? शारीरिक पीडा, शारीरिक असजिलो, कायस्पर्शबाट उत्पन्न पीडा वा असजिलोका रूपमा जे अनुभव हुन्छ, त्यसलाई शारीरिक पीडा भनिन्छ।
"And what is pain? Whatever is experienced as bodily pain, bodily discomfort, pain or discomfort born of bodily contact, that is called pain.
“मानसिक व्यथा के हो? मानसिक पीडा, मानसिक असजिलो, मनःस्पर्शबाट उत्पन्न पीडा वा असजिलोका रूपमा जे अनुभव हुन्छ, त्यसलाई मानसिक व्यथा भनिन्छ।
"And what is distress? Whatever is experienced as mental pain, mental discomfort, pain or discomfort born of mental contact, that is called distress.
“हताशा के हो? विपत्तिमा परेको, पीडादायी घटनाले छोएको कसैको हताशा, मन भाँचिनु र उपायहीन व्याकुलता—यसलाई हताशा भनिन्छ।
"And what is despair? Whatever despair, despondency, desperation of anyone suffering from misfortune, touched by a painful thing, that is called despair.
“अप्रियसँगको संयोगको दुःख के हो? कसैलाई नचाहेका, मन नपर्ने, आकर्षक नभएका दृश्य, शब्द, गन्ध, रस वा स्पर्श प्राप्त हुन्छन्; अथवा उसको अहित चाहने, हानि चाहने, कष्ट चाहने, बन्धनबाट सुरक्षा नचाहनेहरूसँग सम्बन्ध, सम्पर्क, नाता वा व्यवहार हुन्छ। यसलाई अप्रियसँगको संयोगको दुःख भनिन्छ।
"And what is the stress of association with the unbeloved? There is the case where undesirable, unpleasing, unattractive sights, sounds, aromas, flavors, or tactile sensations occur to one; or one has connection, contact, relationship, interaction with those who wish one ill, who wish for one's harm, who wish for one's discomfort, who wish one no security from the yoke. This is called the stress of association with the unbeloved.
“प्रियसँगको वियोगको दुःख के हो? कसैलाई चाहेका, मनपर्ने, आकर्षक दृश्य, शब्द, गन्ध, रस वा स्पर्श प्राप्त हुँदैनन्; अथवा उसको भलाइ चाहने, हित चाहने, सुख चाहने, बन्धनबाट सुरक्षा चाहनेहरूसँग, वा आमा, बुबा, दाजुभाइ, दिदीबहिनी, मित्र, साथी वा आफन्तहरूसँग सम्बन्ध, सम्पर्क, नाता वा व्यवहार हुँदैन। यसलाई प्रियसँगको वियोगको दुःख भनिन्छ।
"And what is the stress of separation from the loved? There is the case where desirable, pleasing, attractive sights, sounds, aromas, flavors, or tactile sensations do not occur to one; or one has no connection, no contact, no relationship, no interaction with those who wish one well, who wish for one's benefit, who wish for one's comfort, who wish one security from the yoke, nor with one's mother, father, brother, sister, friends, companions, or relatives. This is called the stress of separation from the loved.
“चाहेको कुरा नपाउनुको दुःख के हो? जन्मको अधीनमा रहेका प्राणीहरूमा यस्तो चाहना उठ्छ: ‘अहो, हामी जन्मको अधीनमा नपरे हुन्थ्यो, हामीलाई जन्म आइनपरे हुन्थ्यो।’ तर चाहँदैमा यो प्राप्त हुँदैन। यही चाहेको कुरा नपाउनुको दुःख हो। बुढ्यौली… रोग… मृत्यु… शोक, विलाप, शारीरिक पीडा, मानसिक व्यथा र हताशाको अधीनमा रहेका प्राणीहरूमा यस्तो चाहना उठ्छ: ‘अहो, हामी बुढ्यौली… रोग… मृत्यु… शोक, विलाप, शारीरिक पीडा, मानसिक व्यथा र हताशाको अधीनमा नपरे हुन्थ्यो, र हामीलाई बुढ्यौली… रोग… मृत्यु… शोक, विलाप, शारीरिक पीडा, मानसिक व्यथा र हताशा आइनपरे हुन्थ्यो।’ तर चाहँदैमा यो प्राप्त हुँदैन। यही चाहेको कुरा नपाउनुको दुःख हो।
"And what is the stress of not getting what is wanted? In beings subject to birth, the wish arises, 'O, may we not be subject to birth, and may birth not come to us.' But this is not to be achieved by wanting. This is the stress of not getting what is wanted. In beings subject to aging... illness... death... sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, & despair, the wish arises, 'O, may we not be subject to aging... illness... death... sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, & despair, and may aging... illness... death... sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, & despair not come to us.' But this is not to be achieved by wanting. This is the stress of not getting what is wanted.
“संक्षेपमा दुःखदायी भनिएका उपादानका पाँच स्कन्ध के हुन्? रूपको उपादानस्कन्ध, वेदनाको उपादानस्कन्ध, संज्ञाको उपादानस्कन्ध, संस्कारहरूको उपादानस्कन्ध र विज्ञानको उपादानस्कन्ध: उपादानका यिनै पाँच स्कन्धलाई संक्षेपमा दुःखदायी भनिन्छ।
"And what are the five clinging-aggregates that, in short, are stressful? The clinging-aggregate of form, the clinging-aggregate of feeling, the clinging-aggregate of perception, the clinging-aggregate of fabrications, the clinging-aggregate of consciousness: These are called the five clinging-aggregates that, in short, are stressful.
“मित्रहरू, यसलाई दुःखको आर्यसत्य भनिन्छ।
"This, friends, is called the noble truth of stress.
— MN 141
— MN 141
इन्द्रियहरूका आधारमा परिभाषा
Defined in terms of the senses
“दुःखको आर्यसत्य के हो? ‘छ आन्तरिक इन्द्रियायतन’ भन्ने उत्तर दिनुपर्छ। कुन छ? आँखाको आयतन… कानको… नाकको… जिब्रोको… शरीरको… मनको आयतन। यसलाई दुःखको आर्यसत्य भनिन्छ।”
"And what is the noble truth of dukkha? 'The six internal sense media,' should be the reply. Which six? The medium of the eye... the ear... the nose... the tongue... the body... the intellect. This is called the noble truth of dukkha."
— SN 56.14
— SN 56.14
दन्किरहेको आगोका रूपमा दुःख
Dukkha as a raging fire
“सबै बलिरहेको छ। कुन सबै बलिरहेको छ? आँखा बलिरहेको छ। रूपहरू बलिरहेका छन्। चक्षुविज्ञान बलिरहेको छ। चक्षुस्पर्श बलिरहेको छ। अनि चक्षुस्पर्शमा निर्भर भएर जे उत्पन्न हुन्छ—सुख, दुःख वा न सुख न दुःखका रूपमा अनुभव हुने—त्यो पनि बलिरहेको छ। केको आगोले? रागको आगोले, द्वेषको आगोले, मोहको आगोले। म भन्छु, जन्म, बुढ्यौली र मृत्युले, शोक, विलाप, शारीरिक पीडा, मानसिक व्यथा र हताशाले बलिरहेको छ।
"The All is aflame. What All is aflame? The eye is aflame. Forms are aflame. Consciousness at the eye is aflame. Contact at the eye is aflame. And whatever there is that arises in dependence on contact at the eye — experienced as pleasure, pain or neither-pleasure-nor-pain — that too is aflame. Aflame with what? Aflame with the fire of passion, the fire of aversion, the fire of delusion. Aflame, I tell you, with birth, aging & death, with sorrows, lamentations, pains, distresses, & despairs.
“कान बलिरहेको छ। शब्दहरू बलिरहेका छन्…
"The ear is aflame. Sounds are aflame...
“नाक बलिरहेको छ। गन्धहरू बलिरहेका छन्…
"The nose is aflame. Aromas are aflame...
“जिब्रो बलिरहेको छ। रसहरू बलिरहेका छन्…
"The tongue is aflame. Flavors are aflame...
“शरीर बलिरहेको छ। स्पर्शहरू बलिरहेका छन्…
"The body is aflame. Tactile sensations are aflame...
“मन बलिरहेको छ। मनका विषयहरू बलिरहेका छन्। मनोविज्ञान बलिरहेको छ। मनःस्पर्श बलिरहेको छ। अनि मनःस्पर्शमा निर्भर भएर जे उत्पन्न हुन्छ—सुख, दुःख वा न सुख न दुःखका रूपमा अनुभव हुने—त्यो पनि बलिरहेको छ। केको आगोले? रागको आगोले, द्वेषको आगोले, मोहको आगोले। म भन्छु, जन्म, बुढ्यौली र मृत्युले, शोक, विलाप, शारीरिक पीडा, मानसिक व्यथा र हताशाले बलिरहेको छ।”
"The intellect is aflame. Ideas are aflame. Consciousness at the intellect is aflame. Contact at the intellect is aflame. And whatever there is that arises in dependence on contact at the intellect — experienced as pleasure, pain or neither-pleasure-nor-pain — that too is aflame. Aflame with what? Aflame with the fire of passion, the fire of aversion, the fire of delusion. Aflame, I say, with birth, aging & death, with sorrows, lamentations, pains, distresses, & despairs."
— SN 35.28
— SN 35.28
दुःखलाई जान्नुपर्छ
Dukkha should be known
“‘दुःखलाई जान्नुपर्छ। दुःख उत्पन्न हुने कारणलाई जान्नुपर्छ। दुःखको विविधतालाई जान्नुपर्छ। दुःखको परिणामलाई जान्नुपर्छ। दुःखको निरोधलाई जान्नुपर्छ। दुःखको निरोधको अभ्यासमार्गलाई जान्नुपर्छ।’ यसरी भनिएको छ। यो केको सम्बन्धमा भनिएको हो?
"'Dukkha should be known. The cause by which dukkha comes into play should be known. The diversity in dukkha should be known. The result of dukkha should be known. The cessation of dukkha should be known. The path of practice for the cessation of dukkha should be known.' Thus it has been said. In reference to what was it said?
“जन्म दुःख हो, बुढ्यौली दुःख हो, मृत्यु दुःख हो; शोक, विलाप, शारीरिक पीडा, मानसिक व्यथा र हताशा दुःख हुन्; अप्रियसँगको संयोग दुःख हो, प्रियसँगको वियोग दुःख हो, चाहेको कुरा नपाउनु दुःख हो। संक्षेपमा, उपादानका पाँच स्कन्ध दुःख हुन्।
"Birth is dukkha, aging is dukkha, death is dukkha; sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, & despair are dukkha; association with what is not loved is dukkha, separation from what is loved is dukkha, not getting what is wanted is dukkha. In short, the five clinging-aggregates are dukkha.
“दुःख उत्पन्न हुने कारण के हो? तृष्णा त्यो कारण हो जसबाट दुःख उत्पन्न हुन्छ।
"And what is the cause by which dukkha comes into play? Craving is the cause by which dukkha comes into play.
“दुःखको विविधता के हो? ठूलो दुःख र सानो दुःख हुन्छ; बिस्तारै घट्ने र छिट्टै घट्ने दुःख हुन्छ। यसलाई दुःखको विविधता भनिन्छ।
"And what is the diversity in dukkha? There is major dukkha & minor, slowly fading & quickly fading. This is called the diversity in dukkha.
“दुःखको परिणाम के हो? कहिलेकाहीँ पीडाले आक्रान्त, चित्त थाकेको व्यक्ति शोक गर्छ, दुःखी हुन्छ, विलाप गर्छ, छाती पिट्छ र अन्योलमा पर्छ। अथवा पीडाले आक्रान्त, चित्त थाकेको व्यक्ति बाहिर उपाय खोज्न थाल्छ: ‘यो पीडा रोक्ने कुनै उपाय कसलाई थाहा होला?’ भिक्षुहरू, म भन्छु, दुःखको परिणाम कि त अन्योल हुन्छ, कि त खोज। यसलाई दुःखको परिणाम भनिन्छ।
"And what is the result of dukkha? There are some cases in which a person overcome with pain, his mind exhausted, grieves, mourns, laments, beats his breast, & becomes bewildered. Or one overcome with pain, his mind exhausted, comes to search outside, 'Who knows a way or two to stop this pain?' I tell you, monks, that dukkha results either in bewilderment or in search. This is called the result of dukkha.
“दुःखको निरोध के हो? तृष्णाको निरोधबाट दुःखको निरोध हुन्छ; र यही आर्य अष्टाङ्गिक मार्ग—सम्यग्दृष्टि, सम्यक्सङ्कल्प, सम्यग्वाणी, सम्यक्कर्मान्त, सम्यगाजीव, सम्यक्प्रयत्न, सम्यक्स्मृति र सम्यक्समाधि—दुःखको निरोधतर्फ लैजाने अभ्यासमार्ग हो।
"And what is the cessation of dukkha? From the cessation of craving is the cessation of dukkha; and just this noble eightfold path — right view, right resolve, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration — is the path of practice leading to the cessation of dukkha.
“जब आर्यहरूको शिष्यले दुःखलाई यसरी बुझ्छ, दुःख उत्पन्न हुने कारणलाई यसरी बुझ्छ, दुःखको विविधतालाई यसरी बुझ्छ, दुःखको परिणामलाई यसरी बुझ्छ, दुःखको निरोधलाई यसरी बुझ्छ, र दुःखको निरोधतर्फ लैजाने अभ्यासमार्गलाई यसरी बुझ्छ, तब उसले मर्मभेदी यस ब्रह्मचर्यलाई दुःखको निरोधका रूपमा बुझ्छ।”
"Now when a disciple of the noble ones discerns dukkha in this way, the cause by which dukkha comes into play in this way, the diversity of dukkha in this way, the result of dukkha in this way, the cessation of dukkha in this way, & the path of practice leading to the cessation of dukkha in this way, then he discerns this penetrative holy life as the cessation of dukkha."
— AN 6.63
— AN 6.63
यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्:
See also:
चार आर्यसत्य
दोस्रो आर्यसत्य
The Wings to Awakening मा “पहिलो सत्य”
"The First Truth" in The Wings to Awakening